Aquarium size is actually pretty useless to determine the number or size of fish an aquarium can stock or to size filters. Biofiltration surface area per pound of fish is much more useful. Calculations say that each pound of fish needs, in very general terms, 5 square feet of effective biomedia surface ABSOLUTE MINIMUM in order to effectively oxidize ammonia.
But ammonia oxidation is not the only function of filter media. The one pound of fish require, in very general terms, at least 100 square feet of effective biomedia surface in order to have crystal clear, bacteria free, healthy water. Now this is actually a continuum with a large number of variables impacting it. This is not a “cast in stone” number. For instance, 20 square feet per pound of fish will very generally give fairly healthy fish with decent water clarity.
To be reasonably safe with a cushion for the health of the fish we recommend a minimum of 20 sq. ft. of effective filter media surface area per pound of fish minimum. Using the 20 sq. ft. figure:
| Fish size inches | Fish size centimeter | Square feet needed | Square meter needed |
|---|---|---|---|
| 3 | 7,62 | 0.2 | 0,019 |
| 4 | 10,16 | 0.6 | 0,056 |
| 5 | 12,7 | 1 | 0,093 |
| 6 | 15,23 | 1.6 | 0,149 |
| 7 | 17,78 | 2 | 0,186 |
| 9 | 22,86 | 2.8 | 0,260 |
| 11 | 27,94 | 10 | 0,929 |
| 13 | 33,02 | 16 | 1,486 |
Note that if one is of a mind set to only do ammonia oxidation 5 sq. ft. per pound of fish is possible but the fish won’t be very healthy. That would be one fourth the above level. And if one wants very healthy fish with crystal clear water at least 100 sq. ft. per pound of fish is required, five times the above level. Note that some fish such as blackwater fish like neons, discus and Oscars REQUIRE at least 40 sq. ft. per pound of fish and preferably 200.
| Biomedia | “Effective” surface area ft²/ft³ | “Effective” surface area m²/m³ | ft³ to get 5ft² | m³ to get 0.46m² | ft³ to get 100ft² | m³ to get 9.29m² |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fluidized K1 media (60% loading in sump) | 540 | 1782 | 16 | 0.45 | 320 | 9.06 |
| 30 PPI foam in canister or sump | 340 | 1122 | 25 | 0.71 | 500 | 14.16 |
| 30 PPI foam powerhead operated sponge | 340 | 1122 | 25 | 0.71 | 500 | 14.16 |
| 30 PPI foam air operated sponge | 300 | 990 | 29 | 580 | ||
| Plastic pot scrubbers | 280 | 924 | 31 | 620 | ||
| Static K1 media | 260 | 858 | 33 | 660 | ||
| 20 PPI foam in canister or sump | 260 | 858 | 33 | 660 | ||
| 20 PPI foam powerhead operated sponge | 260 | 858 | 33 | 660 | ||
| 20 PPI foam air operated sponge | 230 | 759 | 38 | 751 | ||
| Powerhead operated undergravel filter | 140 | 462 | 62 | 1240 | ||
| Aquarium gravel in canister or sump | 140 | 462 | 62 | 1240 | ||
| Air operated undergravel filter | 120 | 396 | 72 | 1440 | ||
| Blue Matala pads | 120 | 396 | 72 | 1440 | ||
| 1/8 inch garden pumice or perlite | 100 | 330 | 86 | 1720 | ||
| Bio balls | 100 | 330 | 86 | 1720 | ||
| Alfagrog | 80 | 264 | 108 | 2160 | ||
| 1/2 inch lava rock | 60 | 198 | 144 | 2880 | ||
| Seachem Matrix | 60 | 198 | 144 | 2880 | ||
| Biohome Ultimate | 40 | 132 | 216 | 4320 | ||
| Ceramic rings | 40 | 132 | 216 | 4320 | ||
| Ceramic balls | 30 | 99 | 288 | 8.16 | 5760 | 163.11 |
| Expanded clay pebbles | 30 | 99 | 288 | 5760 | ||
| Cubic inches to get 5ft² = (5/E.A.)x1,728 100ft²=(100/E.A.x1,728) | ||||||
It is important to note that the Fluidized K1 efficiency is per cubic foot of filter, NOT per cubic foot of K1 filter media. Big difference!
The chart above can be combined with this chart to give a clear picture for any given filter arrangement:
| Length Inches | Length Centimeter | Weight Grams | Metabolic Weight Grams |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2.54 | 0.32 | 1 |
| 1.25 | 3,18 | 9.64 | 2 |
| 1.5 | 3.81 | 1.1 | 3 |
| 1.75 | 4,44 | 1.8 | 5 |
| 2 | 5.08 | 2.5 | 7 |
| 2.25 | 5,72 | 3.73 | 10 |
| 2.5 | 6.35 | 5.12 | 14 |
| 2.75 | 6,98 | 6.81 | 18 |
| 3 | 7.62 | 8.86 | 22 |
| 4 | 10.16 | 21 | 47 |
| 5 | 12.7 | 41 | 82 |
| 6 | 15.24 | 70.5 | 113 |
| 7 | 17.78 | 112 | 140 |
| 8 | 20.32 | 167 | 167 |
| 9 | 22.86 | 239 | 239 |
| 10 | 25.4 | 328 | 328 |
| 12 | 30.48 | 581 | 581 |
One pound is 454 grams. So if one has ten 82 gram five inch fish, this is (82×10)/454 = 1.8 pounds. So a canister filter that is ten inches by ten inch by twelve inches (1,200 cubic inches) and filled with pot scrubbers will give one 1,200/620 = 1.9 pounds of healthy fish swimming in clear water.
As for filters, simple math calculations say:
- A twenty gallon aquarium set up as a K1 fluidized bed with 15 gallons of fluidized bed that is 60% K1 media will give on the order of 1082 square feet of effective biomedia surface.
- A ten gallon aquarium set up as a K1 fluidized bed with 5 gallons of fluidized bed that is 60% K1 media will give on the order of 361 square feet of effective biomedia surface.
- A foam filled large canister like the FX6 has about 150 sq. ft. of effective biomedia (the foam in an FX is very good biological media)
- Other four to five gallon canisters like a Sunsun 303 packed only with static (STATIC) K1 micro Kaldnes media or pot scrubbers have 100 to 120 sq. ft.
- Two inches of gravel in a powerhead lift 36 inch by 18 inch 50 gallon under gravel filter has 105 sq. ft. effective surface area.
- Two inches of gravel in a air lift 36 inch by 18 inch 50 gallon under gravel filter has 90 sq. ft. effective surface area.
- A typical cheap sponge filter with a powerhead lift has 40 to 80 sq. ft. depending on the size of the sponge.
- A typical cheap sponge filter with air bubble lift tub has 30 to 60 sq. ft. effective surface area, depending on its size.
- A bottom to top hang on back filter filled with sponge or pot scrubbers has an effective surface area of 20 to 40 sq. ft., depending on its size.
- Canisters such as Sunsun 303 packed only with lava rock, Matrix, Biohome, bioballs and/or ceramic rings has 10 to 12 sq. ft, depending on its size.
- A bottom to top hang on back filter filled with Matrix, Biohome or ceramic rings has an effective surface area of 4 to 8 sq. ft., depending on its size
- A cartridge hang on back where the cartridge has been replaced with foam or pot scrubbers has 2 to 6 square feet, depending on its size.
- A typical cartridge hang on back filter with the cartridges still in place has only 1 to 2 sq. ft., depending on its size. This means that most cartridge filters in most stocking situations only do ammonia oxidation well and will give poor fish health and frequent fish deaths. The deaths typically have no clear explanation as to “why” they happened.
- A typical air operated undergravel filter has 1.5 x 34 x 15 or 0.44 cubic feet of media. This is 53 square feet of effective filter media surface area. This will give very healthy fish with half a pound of fish.
Just do the math. Figure out the size of each of the fish in the aquarium and count them up. Add the square footage required up. Then see if the filter and media are rated to do the trick. It must be emphasized that this is for 20 square feet per pound surface area. If you are only interested in ammonia oxidation (i.e. “good water parameters”) one can stock four time more fish than this calculation gives, or 5 square feet per pound of fish. And it you want very healthy fish and crystal clear water multiply the numbers by five to go to 100 square feet per pound of fish.
These numbers are ONLY gross approximations. Do not obsess over them. There are a huge number of variables affecting the ability of a filter to function:
- Temperature, the higher the temperature the better beneficial bacteria grow
- Protein content of the food. The high the protein content the less “bad” bacteria are produced in the water column. I always buy the highest protein food I can find.
- Aeration, the more the aeration the better beneficial bacteria work
- Flow and degree of turbulence will affect efficiency and cannot be calculated or predicted very accurately
- pH, KH, GH and phosphates in the water all affect it in very unpredictable ways
- The “maturity” of the filter and the tank
- And the “ecology” of the tank will vary, often in very surprising ways.
- The tiny single celled protozoan community is surprisingly important to the function of an aquarium filter and the composition of this community varies in the extreme from tank to tank.
So do not try to get exactly “100 square feet per pound of fish”. This is NOT an exacting science.
Test of Filters
Ammonia was added to forty gallon aquariums with various filters where the filter was filled with the media recommended by the supplier. The resulting ammonia levels were measured three days later, and the amount of ammonia added adjusted according to the measured ammonia level. These are the results:
| Filter | Average | 15 days | 30 days | 45 days | 60 days | 75 days | 90 days |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 inch of gravel | 0,5 | 0.25 | 0,5 | 0.5 | 0,25 | 1 | 0,5 |
| Cartridge HOB | 3,8 | 1 | 4 | 2 | 4 | 8 | 4 |
| Sponge Filter | 8 | 4 | 4 | 8 | 16 | 8 | 8 |
| Bottem flow HOB | 18 | 4 | 8 | 32 | 16 | 32 | 16 |
| Canister | 32 | 8 | 8 | 16 | 32 | 64 | 64 |
| Undergravel | 33 | 16 | 8 | 16 | 64 | 32 | 64 |
| Static sump | 81 | 8 | 32 | 64 | 128 | 128 | 128 |
| Fluidized bed sump | 131 | 16 | 64 | 128 | 64 | 256 | 256 |
This test correlate reasonably well with the numbers in the list above (the sump was a ten gallon and the other filters, including a Sunsun 303 canister, had the media they came with).
Note that the amount of ammonia even a very heavily stocked tank might get from fish might be 2 ppm in three days. So ammonia oxidation in an established tank with ANY filter is rarely a problem. But for crystal clear, healthy water in a heavily stocked tank the cut off number EFFECTIVELY becomes 40 ppm ammonia (twenty times the ammonia oxidation numbers). So crystal clear healthy water is limited to canisters, under-gravels and sumps in a heavily stocked tank.
For the complete test details go to this link:
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