7.2.2. Foam Media

Foam is simply the best biomedia to put in any static aquarium filter. The ability of foam to biofilter the water and give crystal clear, very healthy water is simply the best of any static media.

The only “more effective” media than 30 ppi foam is fluidized bed K1 media. On a cubic inch of filter basis fluidized K1 media is close to 60% more efficient than 30 ppi foam.

The static 30 ppi foam compares to the fluidized K1 as follows:

	Fluidized K1	Static 30 ppi foam
Effective surface area in filter	540 sq.ft. per cubic foot of filter	340 sq.ft. per cubic foot of filter
Cost per cubic foot of filter	$35×60%=$21	$63
Cost per 100 square foot in filter	$21/5.4=$4	$63/3,4=$19
Noise	Loud	Quiet
Aeration	Great	None
Maintenance	None	Clean every 3 months

Comparison of Foam and K1 Media

If one is a nerd like the author one might be interested in this long boring article on why foam is such a good static filter media for aquarium filters. It includes testing which proves this is true.

Our Data

The data on the urethane foam in the master table was:

This second chart is in fairly good agreement with the published data from Swiss Tropicals , the supplier of Poret Foam.

Surface area Poret®	m2 per m3	ft2 per ft3	in2 per in3
10 PPI	899	274	22.8
20 PPI	1266	385	32.1
30 PPI	1447	440	36.7
45 PPI	~1600	~488	~40.6

Poret Foam Surface Data

Swiss Tropicals is the ONLY manufacturer which tells the truth. This is really kind of amazing when one thinks about it.

Biomedia	“Effective” surface area ft²/ft³	“Effective” surface area m²/m³	ft³ to get 5ft²	m³ to get 0.46m²	ft³ to get 100ft²	m³ to get 9.29m²
Fluidized K1 media (60% loading in sump)	540	1782	16	0.45	320	9.06
30 PPI foam in canister or sump	340	1122	25	0.71	500	14.16
30 PPI foam powerhead operated sponge	340	1122	25	0.71	500	14.16
30 PPI foam air operated sponge	300	990	29		580
Plastic pot scrubbers	280	924	31		620
Static K1 media	260	858	33		660
20 PPI foam in canister or sump	260	858	33		660
20 PPI foam powerhead operated sponge	260	858	33		660
20 PPI foam air operated sponge	230	759	38		751
Powerhead operated undergravel filter	140	462	62		1240
Aquarium gravel in canister or sump	140	462	62		1240
Air operated undergravel filter	120	396	72		1440
Blue Matala pads	120	396	72		1440
1/8 inch garden pumice or perlite	100	330	86		1720
Bio balls	100	330	86		1720
Alfagrog	80	264	108		2160
1/2 inch lava rock	60	198	144		2880
Seachem Matrix	60	198	144		2880
Biohome Ultimate	40	132	216		4320
Ceramic rings	40	132	216		4320
Ceramic balls	30	99	288	8.16	5760	163.11
Expanded clay pebbles	30	99	288		5760
Cubic inches to get 5ft² = (5/E.A.)x1,728 100ft²=(100/E.A.x1,728)

Many well meaning but ill-informed commentators on social media dismiss the urethane foam layers in a canister filter as just mechanical filters which need to be frequently cleaned. Nothing could be further from the truth. Urethane foam of 30 pores per inch or less (ppi) is a superb media for biofiltration if it is never thoroughly cleaned and decent water flow is maintained. It has the highest usable surface area of any biomedia and has a microstructure very amenable to biofiltration.

But a word of caution is warranted. 30 ppi foam will function great and not plug with light stocking and a large volume of foam. If one goes to heavy stocking with a small volume of 30 ppi foam one CAN POSSIBLY clog rapidly.  It also depends on other parameters such as inoculate and protein content of the food. Inoculate from a pond has worms in it which literally “eat” the brown gunk. And a low protein (less than 40%) food will create much more brown gunk than a high protein food. From personal experience it seems to be somewhat bimodal. The 30 ppi foam will either plug in weeks or never plug at all.

I normally avoid anecdotal evidence but sometimes it is very revealing. A comment on this website from “Jim” is warranted here:

And here is a follow-up comment

These results are 100% in line with what my testing showed. It is anecdotal but interesting.

The Structure of Foam

Urethane foam has a “free void” property of around 90% with a huge usable surface area. This is an unbeatable combination for biofiltration. The structure of the foam (the “morphology”) is the reason the foam works so well for biofiltration. This foam is a reticulated open celled urethane foam.

This structure has a huge surface area and a very good structure for colonies of beneficial bacteria. Foam with 10 to 30 ppi (pores per inch) has openings large enough that they aren’t easily clogged yet has a very large surface area. This is a combination difficult to come by in biomedia.

Open celled reticulated urethane foam comes in different pore sizes. The size of pores is measure in pores per inch (ppi). The foam with higher ppi has more pores in it. More pores mean larger biological filtration capacity but faster clogging. A coarse foam will be 20 ppi, a fine foam will be 40 ppi.

The best arrangement by far for foam media is to put the flow of the aquarium water through a series of foam pads in an exterior filter (typically a pressurized canister but sometimes a sump filter). Flow the water through as many 20 or 30 ppi foam layers as can be put in the filter. This is the biofilter and should be cleaned only when the flow through the canister diminishes. This is a great way to filter aquarium water.

Avoid 40 ppi foam as it requires frequent cleaning. 40 ppi foam IS a mechanical filter material. Only use 40 ppi foam in EXTREMELY over filtered aquariums. If one has more than 100 square feet of surface area per pound of fish, good aeration, and a high protein food, 40 ppi can be use as a biofilter.

20 or 30 ppi foam can support two to ten times more beneficial bacteria per cubic inch than most other media. This is the reason it is so popular. If it isn’t thoroughly cleaned it is simply the best biofiltration media available.

The Biology of Foam

The purpose of the foam is not to filter the water as is often assumed. The foam serves as the habitat for a vast array of microorganisms that include bacteria, archaea, worms, ciliates, flagellates, and many others. These microorganisms live in a community that is based on biofilms. The biofilms are created by bacteria that secret extracellular polymeric substance (EPS), which is often called “slime”. The community forms a bioreactor that processes the waste and turns it into food and energy for its members, and ultimately into organic or inorganic products that are then used by plants, evaporate, or removed by water changes. It takes a considerable amount of time to establish this “filter community”; consequently, it is very important not to disturb it unless absolutely necessary. The brown filter sludge in a filter is for the most part alive and not simply waste. Removing this mud does more harm than good.

Poret Foam Supplier (Swiss Tropicals)

This is one of the most intelligent things any aquarium equipment supplier has ever written.

This biological filtration capability of foam is best illustrated by a series of diagrams:

The red lines are the important lines. These represent where the beneficial bacteria can do what they do. The surface area of the beneficial bacteria exposed to the flow increases with time until such time as the flow becomes restricted by the biofloc. This means it is important not to clean this material until the flow slows.

The Mistake of Over-cleaning

Probably the most common mistake in the hobby is to clean biomedia like foam frequently because “obviously they are filled with fish poop”. If foam is squeezed more than four times testing shows the filter needs to be completely recycled. The beneficial bacteria can be removed that easily. To see this test click on this link:

6.8. Thorough Cleaning

Testing Foam as a Biomedia

The various biomedia used in the hobby were tested. They were tested in actual conditions that would prevail in the aquarium. Foam came out as being roughly 10 times better at oxidizing ammonia than ceramic rings, lava rocks or Matrix media.

A test of ammonia oxidizing capability of various filter media was run. The first number, the “efficiency” is the average ammonia oxidizing that 15 cubic inches of media accomplished over a 90-day period. The second number is the “effective” surface area in square feet per cubic feet calculated from that test. The third number is the effective surface area in square feet per cubic feet calculated by simple mathematics. The correlation between the test results and the calculated surface area is very significant and means the testing was accurate.

Media	“Efficiency” from two tests *	“Effective” surface area ft²/ft³	ft²/ft³ from math	“Effective” surface area m²/m³	m²/m³ from math
Fluidized K1 media	not tested	600	na	1980	na
30 PPI foam	17	340	400	1122	1320
Pot scrubbers	14	280	80	924	264
Static K1 media	13	260	200	858	660
20 PPI foam	not tested	220	180	726	594
Aquarium gravel	6	120	120	396	396
Blue Matala pads	5	100	120	330	396
Eshoppe bioballs	5	100	60	330	198
¼ to ½ inch lava rocks	3	60	60	198	198
Matrix	3	60	30	198	99
Biohome ultimate	2	40	30	132	99
Ceramic rings	2	40	40	132	132
* average ammonia oxidizing that 15 cubic inches (245,81 cm³) of media accomplished over a 90-day period

The higher the numbers here the better the media. This makes 30 ppi foam the best media and ceramic rings the worst media.

“Sponge” (Foam) Filters

Simple air stone operated “sponge” (more properly called urethane foam) filters are very good filters sold in all aquarium stores for less than $10. They are deservedly the most popular aquarium filter for breeders. They are ugly, and it is unusual to see them in a decorative aquarium.

But because they are urethane foam they are decent biofilters which rarely have ammonia problems. And the air stones they are typically used with, aerate modestly stocked aquariums surprisingly well unaided.

They are used in the thousands by breeders of aquarium fish. They make superb filters in an aquarium with fry. It is important with these sponge filters to clean them by only swishing them in a pan of water and squeezing once or twice to remove roughly three fourths of the brown gunk in the filter. Never remove all the “gunk” from a sponge filter.

Never put sponge filters under running water. This washes out too much of the beneficial bacteria. Only swish the sponge back and forth and squeeze once or twice in a bucket, pan or tub.

And the idea that a small amount of chlorine in the tap water will do much to the large amount of organic matter in a cycled sponge is simply incorrect. Simple math says the chlorine in ten gallons or so of rinse water is tiny compared to the amount of organic material in a typical used sponge filter.

It does not matter if you use cold or chlorine-treated water! The often repeated notion that this process would kill all the filter organisms is nonsense, because the residual chlorine concentration in drinking water is too low to kill them all. The microorganisms are quite well-protected in the slime of the biofilm.

Swiss Tropicals, the supplier of Poret Foam

Testing confirmed this lack of sensitivity to chlorine. To see this test click on this link:

6.8. Thorough Cleaning

Foam in a Canister

The same material used in a “sponge” filter is used in a canister filter where it is called “foam”.

Many use a graduated series of foam layers, 20 ppi first, then 30 ppi, then 40 ppi.  This uses the logic that foam is a mechanical filter material and needs to remove larger particles first then smaller particles. This is just wrong. Sorry, can’t sugar coat it. ONLY the 40 ppi foam acts as a mechanical filter. With this “graduated” progression the 40 ppi will rapidly plug and need to be cleaned once a week. The problem comes here when the hobbyist cleans ALL the foam once a week. Every time they do that they restart the cycle.

20 and 30 ppi Foam is NOT a mechanical filter material and should not be used that way     

Foam is a very good biofilter. It should be used that way. Use either 100% 20 ppi or 100% 30 ppi foam in a canister. Combinations are pointless.

Filter pads of foam have some glaring problems. If they don’t fit well in the filter water will move around them rather than through them. So, they need to be carefully cut to fit for many filters. They can’t just be poured or stuffed into a filter.

If you want to cut your own foam I do not recommend a cheap foam. You can’t tell how many pore per inch (ppi) this foam has nor whether or not it is suited for the aquarium. Rather go direct to Swiss Tropicals and get 20 ppi Poret foam. Note Poret foam is only available from Swiss Tropicals, the agent for Poret, it isn’t sold on Amazon or eBay.

Mattress Foam

Some folks have used the cheap foam pads used for mattresses to filter ponds in large sumps. The cost if this material is about $0.50 per 100 square feet of biofiltration so it is not a material to be lightly dismissed.

The ppi on these mattress foams is quite high (60?) and they will require frequent cleaning unless they are used in a system in the range of over 500 square feet of biomedia (i.e. large volumes of foam) per pound of fish. In such a system the loading is such that the foam will never plug up. If this foam is used in a situation where there are small volumes of foam per pound of fish the foam will plug in days.

If looking at mattress foam buy one foam piece and test it by blowing though it with your lips on the foam. If your breath passes easily through the foam it will be a decent biofilter. If your breath meets resistance the foam is a “memory foam” and cannot be used for filtration. Using mattress foam is a tricky proposition best left to DIY pond enthusiasts.

Fluval FX filter Foam

There is one very commonly quoted You-tuber, the Pondguru, who says to replace the foam inserts in the FX series filters with two layers of foam, one 20 ppi and one 30 ppi. This is just the dumbest video ever made. Sorry, can’t sugar coat it. The only thing doing this accomplishes is to put money into the pocket of the Pondguru, who coincidently sells very high priced foam.

The foam arrangement in the FX series of filter is a very good arrangement. The filers should be left in place till the flow slows, which is typically six months. Do not follow the directions that comes with the filter and replace the pads every month. This is simply Fluval blatantly trying to increase their profits.

The FX foam will be fine for four to ten years. It will discolor but that is not a bad thing. The discoloration is beneficial bacteria. The foam will last a lot longer if it isn’t squeezed. Just rinse it lightly by swishing it twice in a bucket or tub of water. Do not rinse it under flowing water.

Types of Sponges

I avoid cheap Chinese foams. Some of this material is formulated with plasticizers and doesn’t hold up to well. Some of it is a type of chemistry called a “polyester” urethane which decomposes much faster in water than a “polyether” chemistry. The pore size of cheap foam from China is also rarely specified. It is “micro”, which might be anywhere from 30 to 50 ppi (pores-per-inch) foam and “macro”, which is I guess might be anywhere from 15 to 30 ppi foam.

The best foam by far is a product called “Poret Foam”.  This Poret Foam is supplied in the USA by Swiss Tropicals. This is a polyether foam with a known pore size, no plasticizers and made specifically for the aquarium trade. It has a high compressive modulus and compressive strength and has given me very consistent long service. And, while Poret foam is expensive, I have found Swiss Tropicals to be the ONLY manufacturer of aquarium products which tells the truth. So I try to support them whenever I can.

For a reasonably priced very good powered DIY sponge filter take the holed Poret foam filter cartridges (Black 20 PPI – 6x6x19.5″ – 1″ hole – $30.00) and cut them up into three ~six inch lengths. Then add a capped and drilled 1 inch PVC seven inch tube and fill the tube with large stones to weight it down. The affix the powerhead. Easy! If you have a breeding tank, just use a twelve inch tube and an airstone to move the water (much safer for fry). Put some gravel or stones in the lower portion of the tube to weight it down.